Causeway - Ancient Man-Made Ritual and Functional Roads

A causeway is a human-constructed functional and/or ceremonial roadway or a set of roadway fragments. In ancient history they are made of earthen or rock structures that typically—but not always—bridged a waterway. Causeways may have been constructed to cross defensive structures, such as moats; irrigation structures, such as canals; or natural wetlands, such as marshes or fens. They often have a ceremonial element to them and their ritual significance can include symbolic passages between the mundane and the sacred, between life and death. Key Takeaways: Causeways Causeways are early types of human-made roads which have practical and ritual functions.The oldest causeways are about 5,500 years old, built to cross ditches and provide access to peat bogs.The Maya people created causeways up to 65 miles in length, crossing miles of forests in a nearly straight line. Causeways are remarkably different in function. Some (like those of the classic Maya) were almost certainly used for parades for diplomatic visits between communities; others such as the 14th-century Swahili coast were used as shipping lanes and ownership markers; or, in the European Neolithic, as trackways assisting navigation through uncertain landscapes. Some causeways are elaborate structures, elevated several feet about the ground such as at Angkor civilization; others are built of planks that bridge peat bogs, those of the Irish bronze age. But all of them are human-constructed roadways  and have some foundation in the history of transportation networks. Earliest Causeways The earliest known causeways are Neolithic bridges, constructed in Europe and dated between 3700 and 3000 BCE. Many Neolithic enclosed settlements had defensive elements, and some had concentric ditches or moats, generally with one or two at most bridges with which to cross. In some special cases, more causeways were built across the ditches then seems necessary, usually at the four cardinal points, allowing people to cross into the interiors from several directions at once. Since such configurations would not be easily defended, enclosed settlements with multiple causeway entrances are considered likely to have had a ceremonial or at least a shared communal aspect. Sarup, a Funnel Beaker site in Denmark occupied between 3400–3200 BC, had a ditch that encircled an area of about 21 acres (8.5 hectares), with several causeways which allow people to cross the ditches. Bronze Age Causeways Bronze Age causeways in Ireland (called tochar, dochair, or togher) are trackways which were built to allow access across and into peat bogs where peat might be cut for fuel. They varied in size and construction material—some were built as a line of planks laid end to end, flanked on each side by two round timbers; others were made of flat stones and gravel laid on a foundation of brushwood. The earliest of these date to about 3400 BCE. Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt often were constructed with causeways connecting the various temples. These causeways were explicitly symbolic—there was no obstacle to be crossed—representing a route that people could use to travel from the Black Land (the land of the living and a place of order) to the Red Land (a place of chaos and the realm of the dead). Beginning in the Old Kingdoms 5th Dynasty, pyramids were built with an orientation following the daily course of the sun across the sky. The oldest causeway at Saqqara was paved with black basalt; by the time of Khufus rule, causeways were roofed and the internal walls were decorated in fine relief, frescos that depicted pyramid construction, agricultural scenes, craftsmen at work and themes of battles between Egyptians and their foreign enemies, and the pharaoh in the presence of gods. Classic Period Maya (600–900 CE) The sacbe (white lane) that leads to the Palacio, Labna, Puuc, Yucatan, Mexico. Mayan civilisation, 7th-10th century. De Agostini / Archivio J. Lange / Getty Causeways were a particularly important form of connection in lowland areas in North America such as those settled by the Maya civilization. There, causeways (known as sacbeob, singular sacbe, connected Maya cities for distances up to about 63 miles (100 kilometers) such as the Late Classic Yaxuna-Coba sacbe. Maya causeways were sometimes built from the bedrock up and can rise as high as 10 feet (3 meters; their widths range from 8 to 40 ft (2.5 to 12 m ), and they connect major Maya city-states. Others are barely above ground level; some cross wetlands and have bridges constructed to cross streams, but others are clearly only ceremonial. Medieval Period: Angkor and the Swahili Coast Short round pillars support the causeway leading to the Baphuon, in Siem Reap, Cambodia. Jeremy Villasis, Philippines / Moment / Getty Images At several sites of the Angkor civilization (9th–13th centuries CE), elevated causeways were constructed as later additions to the immense temples by king Jayavarman VIII (1243–1395). These causeways, perched above the ground atop a series of short columns, provided walkways connecting the major buildings of the temple complexes. They represent only one part of the enormous Khmer road system, a network of canals, pathways and roads which kept the Angkor capital cities in communication. During the height of the Swahili coast trading communities on the east coast of Africa (13th–15th centuries CE), numerous causeways were constructed out of blocks of reef and fossil corals along 75 mi (120 km) of coastline. These causeways were pathways, elevated just above sea level, that extended out perpendicularly from the coast into lagoons at Kilwa Kisiwani Harbor, ending in circular platforms at the seaward side. The fishermen today call them Arab Roads, which is a reference to the oral history which credits the founding of Kilwa to the Arabs, but like Kilwa itself the causeways are known to have been African constructions, built as navigational aids for ships plying the trade route in the 14th-15th centuries and complementing the Swahili urban architecture. These causeways are built of cemented and uncemented reef coral, up to 650 ft (200 m) long, 23–40 ft (7–12 m) wide and built up above the seafloor up to 2.6 ft. (8 m) high. Selected Sources Abdallatif, T., et al. Discovery of the Causeway and the Mortuary Temple of the Pyramid of Amenemhat Ii Using near-Surface Magnetic Investigation, Dahshour, Giza, Egypt. Geophysical Prospecting 58.2 (2010): 307-20. Print.Abramiuk, Marc A. The Discovery of an Ancient Maya Causeway System in the Southern Maya Mountains of Belize. Antiquity 91.357 (2017): e9. Print.Chase, Arlen F., and Diane Z. Chase. The Ancient Maya City: Anthropogenic Landscapes, Settlement Archaeology, and Caracol, Belize. Belize: Institute of Archaeology, NICH, 2016. Print.Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo Technologies of Urbanism in Mesoamerica: The Pre-Columbian Bridges of Cotzumalhuapa, Guatemala. Antiquity 92.362 (2018): 456-71. Print.Pollard, Edward. Safeguarding Swahili Trade in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: A Unique Navigational Complex in South-East Tanzania. World Archaeology 43.3 (2011): 458-77. Print.Uchida, E., et al. A Reconsideration of the Construction Period of the Cruciform Terraces and the Elevated Causeways in the Angkor Monuments, Based on the Magnetic Susceptibility of the Sandstone Blocks. Archaeometry 55.6 (2013): 1034-47. Print.

The Juvenile Justice System Is A State Level System Of...

Today in the United States, citizens under the age of 18 are considered minors. In our criminal justice system, about 1 million juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested each year. While violent crimes by juveniles are decreasing, the female juvenile population has grown tremendously. Both girls and boys who are in the juvenile system usually have problems at home and school that have put them at risk for delinquency. This includes maltreatment, poverty or both, and these factors may have a negative impact on their adjustment to adulthood. In the state of Connecticut, the juvenile justice system is a state level system of juvenile courts, detention centers, private residential facilities and juvenile correctional facilities. In Connecticut, the Superior Court for Juvenile Matters has exclusive original jurisdiction over juveniles accused acts. Delinquents are children, prior to their eighteenth birthdays, who have violated or attempted to violate any federal or state law, order of the Superior Court, or any local or municipal ordinance. Although the same criminal statutes apply to both adults and juveniles, in most cases juveniles are subject to different procedures than adults. When a child is presented into the system, their first encounter occurs with a police officer. Police officers have a wide discretion when it comes to juveniles. Police can make the decision to issue a warning and release the juvenile, speak with parents and release them, make a referral to aShow MoreRelatedThe U.S. Census reported that 1.6 million individuals under the age of 18 were arrested in 2010, a700 Words   |  3 Pagesof 18 were arrested in 2010, a substantial increase from previous years (OJJDP, 2012; US Census Bureau, 2012). 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Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements

Question: Discuss about the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. Answer: 1 Part A The accounting treatments for tenants will affect negatively for tenants with debt covenants. Existing many tenants recognize their lease as operating lease which doesnt not require the lessor to recognize and asset or corresponding liability. Since the new standard requires all lease agreements including operating to recognize the right to use as an asset and record the corresponding liability. This may affect the relationship with creditor as there is an covenant signed and the creditor may require to terminate the lease agreement or may require the debt back. As per the debt hypothesis of Pat the tenants may show higher profits and better liquidity position in its financial position to enhance its position. (IFRS, 2016) Part B The new standard will have many social and economic impacts such as There will be increase in transparency which will enhance the shareholders trust in the financial statements. This increase in trust will encourage investors and affect the over market positively. However there could also be some negative consequences as the new standard will require companies to record lease assets and liabilities which in turn will affect the companys financial ratios and financial reports. This may affect companys share price, if so, the stock exchanges will be affected negatively. Additionally due to more recognized liabilities, the company may not be able to obtain further finance. (IFRS, 2016) Part C Accounting standard setters should consider the economic and social implications of the standards they set. AASB states that the accounting and financial reporting have the basic purpose of presenting true and fair picture of the financial statements. This is due the fact that presenting true and fair view will enhance the investors trust in the financial system. Increased investor trust will result in increase investment in the economy. Accounting standard setters should ensure that accounting standards should present true and fair view of the company and increase investment. 2 Part A Positive accounting theory while analyzing facts continues to suggest how the businesses operate, what their thought processes are and what are their basic goals and expectations. According to the Positive accounting theory, businesses or entities aim ensure their survival by maximizing its profits. It observed that in cases where exists conflicts of interest between the company and its mangers, the managers chose their benefit. Due to such reason, share based payments were introduced. (Watts and Zimmerman, 1986) According to the bonus plan hypothesis of the positive accounting theory, managers will shift the future profits to current year in order to increase their bonus in case where they are offered bonus schemes. Part B Normative theories are based on values and are subjective where as positive theories are based on facts and are objective. Positive theories dont need to be always correct. But they should be able to be tested. Public interest theory suggests that the regulatory authorities operate in the interest of the public. Accordingly as per the theory, every decision the authorities take is in the best interest of the public as large. Accordingly it is considered that these bodies are neutral. (Watts and Zimmerman, 1986) This theory could be tested through the example of Sarbanes-Oxley Act in which the government made and implemented regulations to ensure that public interest is served. 3 Part A Professional judgment has these characteristics: a process that involves making choices or decisions about courses of action in a certain activity these choices or decisions are made in the context where there are standards to be followed such choices or decisions require certain skills, knowledge and experience to be used in making such decisions, and those making them have to exhibit certain qualities For example, an accountant can decide that an asset can be measured through fair value or historical cost. His decision would be based on his professional judgment. If his judgment is incorrect, this would result in overvaluation of assets. (Dagwell, Wines and Lambert, 2007) Part B AASB supports both stewardship and information usefulness in the information required regarding information provided in the financial statement. Decision usefulness is related to the information that would enable the users of the financial statements to make sensible and known decision. This could be reflected in the conceptual framework as the conceptual framework requires the information presented in the financial statements to be relevant to the users of the financial statements. Relevance here refers to the characteristic that the information should enable enable the users of the financial statements to make sensible and known decision. (Amendments to the Australian conceptual framework, n.d.) Secondly Stewardship refers to the relationship between the owners and the managements of the company. Accordingly managements serve as stewards for the owners and have provide accountability. The conceptual framework requires the management to prepare financial statements and get them audited before being presented to the owners. This asserts that AASB also highlights stewardship. (Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2014) 4 Part A It is highly observed that companies provide information about their activities when it its feasible and beneficial for the company. The primary objective of a business is to earn profits for the owners of the company. Companies do not consider social information as their responsibility thus they prefer to provide such information only in the cases where such information will provide financial benefit to the company. However, if provision of such information is made mandatory, it will increase the costs incurred by the company and this will not be welcomed by the company as per the capitalist view. (Gaffikin, Dagwell and Wines, 2004) Part B Yes it would be agreeable that companies will not provide social and environmental in the absence of regulatory requirements. This can be evidence by the following arguments. Normally companies follow capitalist view that assert, company have the basis purpose to earn profits for its shareholders, since providing such information will increase companys costs, company would avoid providing such information In most of the cases, companies provide social and environmental information as they assume that such provision will improve the companys image among he consumers and will enhance companys profitability. Company may not provide all the necessary information if it considers that such information will affect the company negatively. (Gaffikin, Dagwell and Wines, 2004) References Amendments to the Australian conceptual framework. (n.d.). . Australian Accounting Standards Board, (2014).Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. Victoria. Dagwell, R., Wines, G. and Lambert, C. (2007).Corporate accounting in Australia. Sydney, N.S.W.: University of New South Wales Press. Gaffikin, M., Dagwell, R. and Wines, G. (2004).Corporate accounting in Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press. IFRS, (2016).Effects Analysis International Financial Reporting Standard 16 Leases. Watts, R. and Zimmerman, J. (1986).Positive accounting theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Absurdity of a Sivilized Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example

Absurdity of a Sivilized Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn Essay An Analysis of Huckleberry Finn: The Absurdity of a â€Å"Sivilized† Society Authors often express their views on any given subject through their works, and Mark Twain is no exception. One may read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and believe it is simply a novel about a young boys childhood; however, a deeper analysis of the text reveals many of Mark Twain’s expressions about important moral and social issues. Perhaps one of the most prominent being the frailty of human justice and the hypocrisy we as a people foster in our societies. Throughout the novel, Huck meets people who appear to be good, civilized people, but always end up having a hypocritical fault about them. Though not every instance is a grave matter, Twain’s writing shows that societies in Huck’s world are based upon corrupted laws and principles that defy basic logic. Twain’s writing leaves the reader with an understanding that cowardice, illogical choices, and selfish as well as hypocritical people mark these societies. Twain begins weaving hypocrisies and cants early into the story; one of the most appalling being the issue of Huck’s custody. This flawed system of thought is first shown when the new judge in St. Petersburg rules that Pap has rightful custody of Huck. Although this would be bad for Huck if his father became his legal guardian, the judge asserts Pap’s rights to Huck as his biological son, despite the fact that this is placing Huck’s welfare below the so-called rights of his father. Ironically, this system would put Huck under his dad’s custody, leaving him worse off, whereas Jim is separated from his family despite being a far better father and person. However, the welfare of the individual isn’t highly valued in society, and thus they are placed in uncomfortable, often dangerous situations. The judge tries to put Huck back in contact with his horrid father and therefore abuse, but Jim, a loving parent, never receives help to be with his children and help rescue them from slavery and separation. This decision defies all logic one would find in a normal society, and yet this kind of thinking was commonplace. We will write a custom essay sample on Absurdity of a Sivilized Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Absurdity of a Sivilized Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Absurdity of a Sivilized Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The values and welfare of a black person were nowhere near as important as those of a white man, and even though Jim is a grown man with the most in tune moral compass of any character in the book, Huck still has power over him simply because he is white. By comparing the situation of Pap and Huck with slaves and their masters, Twain hints that it is impossible for a society to be civilized so long as it practices slavery. Though not quite as harmful, another example of a hypocritical character can be found in the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson. In an attempt to â€Å"sivilize† Huckleberry, Miss Watson reprimands him for smoking a cigarette and yet she snuffs tobacco. â€Å"Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the widow to let me. But she wouldn’t. She said it was a mean practice and wasn’t clean, and I must try to not do it any more†¦ And she took snuff, too; of course that was all right, because she done it herself† (Twain 2). She prevents Huck from doing what she believes is uncivilized and detrimental to his health, yet doesn’t think twice about proceeding to do something very similar simply because she herself enjoys it. This example of hypocrisy is not particularly malicious, but yet another example of how all the characters Huck is involved with has some form of a hypocritical flaw. Furthermore, Miss Watson is quite religious and, in efforts to teach Huck, tells him that all he must do is pray for something and he will have it. However, when Huck needs fishhooks and asks her to help pray for them, she calls him a fool. Then Miss Watson she took me in the closet and prayed, but nothing come of it. She told me to pray every day, and whatever I asked for I would get it. But it warnt so. I tried it. Once I got a fish- line, but no hooks. It warnt any good to me without hooks. I tried for the hooks three or four times, but somehow I couldnt make it make it work. By-and-by, one day, I asked Miss Watson to try for me, but she said I was a fool. (Twain 8). Miss Watson tells Huck that if he does something, he can expect a certain result but when things don’t work, he asks for her help and she chides him for it! The widow Douglas and Miss Watson are religious, educated, and yet, they are slave owners. They educate Huck, and teach him religion but find it perfectly acceptable to do things contrary to their teachings, such as snuff and practice slavery. The latter, being a more insidious humbug of St. Petersburg, is shown over and over again throughout Huck’s journey. As Huck begins to stray from his backwards, insincere town, he reaches different places with different people, all different in their own way and yet, very similar to those in St. Petersburg. The Duke and Dauphin are two despicable con men who join Huck and Jim as they continue to drift on the river. The Duke and Dauphin cause trouble for Huck and Jim, as well as the towns they visit. The fault here is that, the Duke and Dauphin are able to scam entire communities by lying, pretending to be someone they’re not, and cheating their guests. Though they spend most of the novel doing awful things or planning awful things, they both are hardly punished. After the first showing of The Royal Nonesuch, the first group of attendees realizes they have been cheated. However, instead of chastising the Duke and Dauphin, the audience that night chooses to lie about the performance in order to cheat a second group of attendees. Hold on! Just a word, gentlemen. † They stopped to listen. â€Å"We are sold—mighty badly sold. But we don’t want to be the laughing stock of this whole town, I reckon, and never hear the last of this thing as long as we live. NO. What we want is to go out of here quiet, and talk this show up, and sell the REST of the town! Then we’ll al l be in the same boat. Ain’t that sensible? † (You bet it is! —the jedge is right! † everybody sings out. ) â€Å"All right, then—not a word about any sell. Go along home, and advise everybody to come and see the tragedy. † (Twain 114). Most hypocritical, however, is the fact that the Judge of the town conceived this plan. He who stands as a pillar of justice and truth in the town decides to cheat the others in order to save face. By the third night, everyone in town has seen the play and the Duke and Dauphin make a large profit from their misconduct. Immoral acts committed by the Duke and Dauphin never yielded punishments, but brazen, drunk insults led to execution. Boggs, described as the â€Å"most easy going old fool in Arkansas†, began shouting insults and anathemas at Sherburn, the man who had cheated him. He [Sherburn] was standing perfectly still in the street, and had a pistol raised in his right hand—not aiming it, but holding it out with the barrel tilted up towards the sky†¦ Boggs throws up both of his hands and says, â€Å"O Lord, don’t shoot! † Bang! goes the first shot, and he staggers back, clawing at the air—bang! goes the second one, and he tumbles backwards on to the ground, heavy and solid, with his arms spread out. † (Twain 108). The Duke and Dauphin cheat entire communities and remain unpunished by their terrible acts; however, peccadilloes like shouting drunken insults result in execution. Twain’s writing exposes the issue of faulty justice and duplicitous nature of men. Furthermore, Sherburn’s speech to the angry mob around his house in relation to a lack of logic and cowardice capitulates Twain’s societal views. Twain’s use of hypocrisy helps express his views on societal issues. Though not every instance is harmful, such as Miss Watson’s snuff usage, other notable examples such as the execution of Boggs and the custody of Huck highlight his belief that cowardice, lack of logic, and selfishness are at the core of society, not the communal welfare that it should be. The repeated instances of insecure, logic defying justice are the root of the problem, as thoughtless crimes are punished severely whereas serious crimes go scot-free. Throughout the novel, Huck meets characters that appear good, yet Twain makes a conscious effort to prove they are prejudiced slave owners. The illogical choices and hypocritical people presented throughout the novel show the hypocrisy and ludicrousness of the â€Å"sivilized† society.

Free Essays on Unorthodox Look At The Life Of Sir Isaac Newton

The Man Who Was Sir Isaac Newton When the name Sir Isaac Newton is mentioned today, many people think, â€Å"Hey that’s that guy who had an apple fall on his head.† Little do they know that Sir Isaac Newton’s ingenious discoveries are responsible for what everyone perceives as common knowledge these days. Newton was born on what was then Christmas Day in 1642. Today this date would be January 4th due to the fact that England used a different calendar back then. Unlike the man that would become his son, Isaac’s father was a rather uneducated person. It was said that he could not even write his own name. Nonetheless, the Newton’s were a rather wealthy farming family. Alas, all seemingly good things have a dark side. Before Isaac was even born, his father pasted away. When Isaac was still a toddler, his harlot of a mother remarried and sent him away to his grandmother to be treated as an orphan. Isaac was a very lonely child. He probably got beat up for being a nerd. Isaac decided that he had no choice but to turn to books for love. Isaac entered college as a sizar. This was a type of scholarship in which the sizar had to be the personal servant to another student. The exact reason why such a wealthy child had to serve others is not known. At college, Newton had to study the works of many great scholars. He compiled his own thoughts about their works in a memorandum he called â€Å"Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae.† Newton first entered the field of math when he bought an astrology book at a fair. He in turn found that the book was a little too advanced for him, so he decided to start out slowly. Yet when he tried a different book, it was way too easy. So he went back to the astrology book and finally conquered it. His studies continued along with his ideas. He came up with many calculus equations before Leibniz claimed that he â€Å"officially† discovered it. They had this big fight th... Free Essays on Unorthodox Look At The Life Of Sir Isaac Newton Free Essays on Unorthodox Look At The Life Of Sir Isaac Newton The Man Who Was Sir Isaac Newton When the name Sir Isaac Newton is mentioned today, many people think, â€Å"Hey that’s that guy who had an apple fall on his head.† Little do they know that Sir Isaac Newton’s ingenious discoveries are responsible for what everyone perceives as common knowledge these days. Newton was born on what was then Christmas Day in 1642. Today this date would be January 4th due to the fact that England used a different calendar back then. Unlike the man that would become his son, Isaac’s father was a rather uneducated person. It was said that he could not even write his own name. Nonetheless, the Newton’s were a rather wealthy farming family. Alas, all seemingly good things have a dark side. Before Isaac was even born, his father pasted away. When Isaac was still a toddler, his harlot of a mother remarried and sent him away to his grandmother to be treated as an orphan. Isaac was a very lonely child. He probably got beat up for being a nerd. Isaac decided that he had no choice but to turn to books for love. Isaac entered college as a sizar. This was a type of scholarship in which the sizar had to be the personal servant to another student. The exact reason why such a wealthy child had to serve others is not known. At college, Newton had to study the works of many great scholars. He compiled his own thoughts about their works in a memorandum he called â€Å"Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae.† Newton first entered the field of math when he bought an astrology book at a fair. He in turn found that the book was a little too advanced for him, so he decided to start out slowly. Yet when he tried a different book, it was way too easy. So he went back to the astrology book and finally conquered it. His studies continued along with his ideas. He came up with many calculus equations before Leibniz claimed that he â€Å"officially† discovered it. They had this big fight th...

Business1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business1 - Assignment Example In any of the two instances, you shall contact our customer care at the outlet in which you experience the inconvenience and a voucher shall be offered instantly. There shall be no need to proof the inconvenience, as the customer care agent will be able to verify the details. The service guarantee ensures that customers get time value for their money and that the company meets customer’s needs. These add value to the quality of products that we offer in differentiated packages. Tax and Brown authored the article, ‘Recovering and learning from service failure,’ which Sloan Management Review published in the year 1998. The authors, based on empirical study, explain the role of effective customer relationship management on profitability of organizations through establishing customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, and increasing revenues. The authors argue for significance of customer relationship management and recommend a shift from offensive marketing strategies for attracting new customers to defensive customer retention strategies. The article is important because of its informative content that is vital to organizations in perfect competition markets. High-level competition that technology facilitates has led to exploration and exhaustion of offensive marketing strategies that are common among competing organizations. Consequently, focus on offensive marketing strategy may be ineffective and therefore a waste of resources. The article howev er offers a solution to this problem through customer relationship management and is therefore important to organizations’ managements. The ideas of inevitability of customer dissatisfaction and the service recovery process are the most useful information from the article. Acknowledging that customers may be dissatisfied, at some points, forms a basis for willingness to resolve customers’ concerns while the process enlightens and empowers towards

ARGUMANET ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARGUMANET ANALYSIS - Essay Example Some of the international aspect of Dubai is alluded to because only 10% of residents are from the city. Probably the most interesting element in the article was a visit to a museum which outlines the â€Å"Old Dubai† which surprisingly is of little interest to most people. Lastly the author alludes to the ‘fake-ness’ of the city in that nearly every element to the city is artificial but she alluded that time will tell for the future of the emirate. This paper postulates that Wilentz did indeed ultimately enjoy her time in Dubai however she finds a certain element of in-authenticity in this newly emerged powerful city state. The target audience that she seems to be addressing would most likely be potential tourists from an English speaking nation that are interested in visiting the Emirate of Dubai. The tone that is set by Wilentz is of a land with extreme dichotomies. Although some people may indeed enjoy Dubai, it is presented that there is a lot to dislike about the city state. The means by which Wilentz establishes this argument is through example. Firstly, the author indicated that the city has firmly entrenched dichotomies. Although the city is very international (the statistic that she used indicated that approximately 10% of inhabitants come from the emirate) it is not a melting pot insofar as there is a firmly entrenched caste system. During an excursion with Benedict Fisher of Nakheel Wilenty was exposed first hand to â€Å"The Palm† a man made land mass for real estate development. WIlenty indicated that although she found the land mass to be interesting there was a strong unnatural element about it even going so far as to describe it as being â€Å"like a developers ocean-view hallucination.† Wilentz stated that her hotel room at the Burj Al Arab costs $2000 a night which is more that the foreign workers who built the structure earned in a year which further reinforces the dichotomy of visiting