Will Cliff Free Essays

A particle is the littlest unit of issue that can't be separated by concoction m implies and a component Is an unadulterated substance made of just a single sort of molecule. A component Is made up o f just a single sort of molecule. The nuclear number and mass shows the measures of that particle In proto ins, electrons, and neutrons. We will compose a custom exposition test on Will Cliff or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now The iota Is the littlest unit of the component. 2) An iota is the littlest unit of issue that can't be separated and a particle is a gathering of iotas held together by covalent securities. In a particle there are iotas being united HTH to make an atom. 3) In an ionic bond the iotas are united by the fascination of oppositely scorch De particles and a particle is the point at which an iota or atom that has picked up or lost at least one electrons. A c bivalent bond Is sharing of two combined electrons together. There can at least one sets In a co valet bond. 4) The sort of feeble bond that structures between water particles is a hydrogen bond. T he hydrogen bond is the fascination of two water atoms. 5) The contrast between polar particles and monopole atoms is that polar mole separates are particles with an inconsistent dissemination of electrical charge, for example, water particles. A monopole particle is an atom that shares electron similarly and doesn't have closes with pop site charges. 6) Sodium chloride Is a case of a compound since It Is a substance made of t charm various components. ) The distinction among attachment and bond is that union is a fascination of atoms of a similar substance and grip is the fascination between particles of various substances. 2) A substance would not break down well in water is oil in light of the fact that the water atoms ar e more pulled in to one another than to the monopole particles. This shows why OLL bunches or seeps In water and doesn’t break down In It. 3) The distinction among acids and bases is that. Step by step instructions to refer to Will Cliff, Papers

Be Our Guest

Be Our Guest, Inc. Case Analysis Page 1 INDEX 1. Key achievement factors and friends performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2. Bank viewpoint with respect to the performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 3. Bank financing viewpoint toward the finish of 1998†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 4. The board point of view with respect to the bank financing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 5. Show 1 †Annual Income Statements (1994-1997)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 6. Display 2 †Annual Balance Sheets (1994-1997)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 7. Show 3 †Quarterly Income Statements 1997†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 8. Display 4 †Quarterly Balance Sheets 1997†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 9. Display 5 †Forecasting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 10. Show 6 †Annual Ratios†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 11. Display 7 †Quarterly Ratios†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 23 Tudor Team Five Page 2 1. What are the key achievement factors in this hardware rental business? How has the organization played out the previous scarcely any years? Key Success Factors Five of the key achievement factors are as per the fol lowing: First, the area of the business is perfect for taking care of a few undertakings without a moment's delay. This is because of their focal Boston area. The capacity to deal with everal extends without a moment's delay gives the organization a serious edge and permits them to accomplish an exhibition as near the maximum capacity of the organization as could be expected under the circumstances. Second, the company’s pioneers have been effective in systems administration to essential and auxiliary customers. This has supported in growing a business that depends on an establishment of good organization/customer connections. These solid connections have prompted huge recurrent clients as a solid premise of the company’s income. Encouraging these connections during the time of the company’s presence has likewise prompted supported income development quite a long time after year. This income development is appeared in the financials and, utilizing the Compound Annual Growth Rate, it very well may be seen that this development in income has been 14. 26% from 1994 to 1997. Third, the official administration is all around experienced in the friendliness business just as different ventures that identify with the effective activity of a business. Stephen Lizio was engaged with the food and wine business before establishing Be Our Guest in 1983. Al Lovata was beforehand an investor and started his relationship with Be Our Guest as a budgetary advisor, later joining the association full-time as the Chief Executive Officer. Lizio and Lovata together structure an establishment of solid information on the friendliness Tudor Team Five Page 3 business and the indispensable information on account, in this manner giving the business a center of understanding the two its industry and how to deal with the cash coming into the organization. Simone Williamson was welcomed on to the group and originates from long stretches of involvement with the food administration business. She additionally went to the organization with solid systems administration associations in the providing food industry in Boston, which further fortifies the subsequent achievement factor portrayed previously. This supervisory crew is comprised of individuals that supplement ach other’s qualities, just as give the important ranges of abilities to maintaining a fruitful business. The fourth key achievement factor is that the organization distinguished its strategy at an early stage and held its course during the time without deviation to business extensions that would have brought about higher benefits however less turnovers. This can be found in the company’s investigation of the capability of The official group verified that this entering the tent rental market. advertise, however exceptionally productive, would bring about time postponements and longer turnovers and would part their center business. The group perceived that this split could bring about lower gainfulness and fragmenting of the center business structure. As opposed to venture into a low overall revenue business â€Å"tents†, in which the administration needs advertise skill, they decided to adhere to their underlying strategy and spotlight on their key qualities as opposed to go astray from the organization's set essentials. This model shows that the organization followed its unique field-tested strategy and agreed to its crucial vision from the earliest starting point without deviation. In doing as such, the organization manufactured a solid establishment and maintained the quality of that establishment. The fifth key achievement factor recognized here is the high caliber of administration just as the high caliber of the rental gear gave to customers. The official group perceived early that they could contend in either cost or Tudor Team Five Page 4 quality, and the group decided to contend in quality. Some portion of this top notch administration is found in the company’s devotion to its customers through its eagerness to convey just one table without prior warning a customer is out of luck. Through top notch administration, the organization has maintained its systems administration associations with customers by building solid connections. This great help joined with excellent rental gear items has permitted the organization to acquire a serious edge over its opposition, maintain that upper hand, and cultivate solid organization/customer connections consistently. How has the organization played out the previous not many years? Perspective †Independent point of view Be Our Guest, Inc. begun in 1983 is as yet flourishing in a serious and unpredictable industry 14 years after the fact. In the course of recent years the organization has indicated critical development. We see that Annual deals incomes have reliably ascended from 1994 to 1997 with a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 14. 26%. 1997 was a noteworthy year for the organization with a 22. 7% expansion in incomes. Net Margins were steady year over year for 1994 through 1997. Net edges for 1994, 1995, 1996 and 1997 were 53. 9%, 49%, 52. 63% and 55. 5%, separately. Be Our Guest, Inc. is making a strong showing of keeping the Costs of Revenue in accordance with the Sales Revenue. It is a positive sign to see this development, since we can be guaranteed that the organization is remaining serious, while not totally surrendering to the evaluating crunch. Yearly Sales Revenue has a solid CAGR, yet it is significant and worried to take note of that the CAGR of all out Operating Expenses is higher. It is about 5% higher and this is significant, in light of the fact that Be Our Guest needs to remain in charge of its costs. Tudor Team Five Page 5 The high and expanding Operating costs are cutting into the Operating edges, which likewise cuts into the primary concern. Be Our Guest’s asset report gives great indications of liquidity. Current Ratios for as far back as four years have stayed over 1 demonstrating that the organization can deal with its present liabilities. The present proportions are not amazingly high (19941. 7, 1995-2. 17, 1996-1. 15 and 1997-1. 16), yet they can cover the present liabilities. Note that the organization is working on a dainty line in light of the fact that the present resources are scarcely covering the present liabilities. This is especially unsavory on the grounds that we are managing an organizatio n working in an occasional business. It is a worry that the present proportion somewhat dissolved after 1995, and this is principally due to Be Our Guest changing over the bank line into long haul obligation in 1995. The present proportion in 1995 is an exception, since 2. 17 don't precisely speak to the organization. The speedy proportion is equivalent to the present proportion for Be Our Guest since they don't have stock for the entirety of the rental gear is under property and hardware. They show a decent working capital situation also, which is another proportion of liquidity. Money position is a worry for we can see in 1994 and 1997 that they really had an Overdraft, and for 1995 and 1996 money isn't exceptionally high. Nonetheless, this organization is in an industry that is to a greater degree a receivables business, so the money position is certainly not a high concern, particularly given that it is covering the present liabilities. Since this is a receivables business it is imperative to take a gander at the Receivables Turnover proportion, and we find this is very predictable, anyway when contrasting with the Payables Turnover proportion we see that they are paying out more rapidly than they are accepting, which is an issue. In 1995 they are paying out twice on normal before gathering. Be Our Guest needs to concentrate on getting its receivables in an all the more opportune way. Tudor Team Five Page 6 2. As the bank advance official, Anne Granger, how might you see this organization? What concerns may you have about the business and the loaning elationship? What components give a wellspring of solace while considering the credit hazard? Anne wil

European Payday Lender Crash Highlights Need for Payday Alternatives

European Payday Lender Crash Highlights Need for Payday Alternatives Millennials Fall Prey to the Payday Loan Debt Trap Millennials Fall Prey to the Payday Loan Debt TrapInside Subprime: Sept 11, 2018By Ben MooreA European-based payday lending platform crashed in August after struggling for months to compensate customers for a variety of complaints that plagued the platform. The controversial platform offered short-term payday loans with interest rates reaching an unprecedented 5,800 percent to borrowers with limited options for credit.For years, the payday loan provider received complains over the predatory interest rates that were associated with their loans. During the company’s peak, the Church of England called the company’s business model “morally wrong” and vowed to expand their church-run credit unions throughout the country in order to offer more affordable short-term loans, as well as compete directly with them and other predatory payday lenders. The European payday lenders efforts were viewed as deliberate attempts to target customers with poor or no credit, with astronomical intere st rates intended to keep those customers trapped in a cycle of debt. The platform was  seen as a “toxic symbol of Britain’s household debt crisis”, and the crash left the platform with more than 200,000 customers still owing more than £400 million in short-term loans. Borrowers were asked to keep making payments on their loans despite the company’s demise.In the wake of the payday loan providers collapse, other startups have risen up across Europe to provide an alternative to payday loans for people strapped for cash. One European platform that provides low-wage employees with the ability to withdraw funds from their paychecks prior to payday, has become a prominent platform as it helps low-wage workers skip the wait for payday to access their wages, which is the main draw for borrowing a payday loan. The company earns profits through their transaction fees, charging a small fee per withdrawal, similar to the price of an ATM fee. Peter Briffett, one co-founder and CEO, vi ews his platform as being on a “mission to destroy payday loans” and recognizes that most people cannot “come out of [the] cycle” of payday lending debt due to the high interest rates and fees. While the platform is not accessible to the public, they have has partnered with various employers directly to implement the solution for their employees.  Across the pond in North America, the need to provide alternatives to payday loans has started to become recognized as a necessity to ensure financial health for citizens as well as economic health security. Research has shown that low-wage employees that are provided immediate access to their wages has a direct correlation to increased productivity at work, as well as an improved corporate culture overall. Walmart recognized this and last year partnered with a lending startup to provide their employees with instant access to their salaries. Comcast has started offering short-term loans to employees, with payment installments being deducted from employee paychecks. Other startups have also partnered with employers to provide instant access to wages for employees.  With startups offering alternatives to dangerous, high-interest payday loans, low-wage workers are able to make secure financial decisions for their future.Read the all  Subprime Reports  and check out the following reports including:Alabama |  California |  Delaware |  Georgia |  Idaho |  Illinois |  Mississippi |  Missouri |  Nevada |  New Mexico |  Ohio |  South Carolina |  Texas |  Utah |  WisconsinVisit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Placebo Use For Pain Management - 1692 Words

Abstract Placebo use in place of effective pain medication to manage pain was widely spread, until the first half of the 20th century when physicians recognized that the use of placebo is ineffective, harmful, and unethical. This formed a real threat for the professionals and become one of the most controversial issues in the last century. This paper set a statement and rationale for eliminate the use of placebo according to the available scientific and ethical literatures on the controversial subject of the use of placebo in pain management. Placebo use in pain management 1. Introduction Pain is a significant public health problem impacting millions of people’s worldwide. It’s a distressing feeling affects multidimensional aspect of life; physical, social, spiritual and emotional. Pain is considered a complex phenomena and the most subjective experience. Mostly health care providers are unable to precisely determine the intensity of a patient’s pain; since that there is no any test or physical finding for pain. For these reasons, assessments of pain should be based when possible, on the patient’s self-report, and the health care providers should not underestimated the patient complaint of pain, and try to manage pain in a proper professional way. However placebo use in place of effective pain medication to manage pain is a controversial issue which has been greatly recognized as unethical, ineffective, and harmful. (Zalon, Constantino, Andrews, 2008)Show MoreRelatedEthics Of Deceit : Insight Into Placebo Studies1595 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesEthics of Deceit: Insight into Placebo Studies Placebos have been used throughout many studies when testing experimental drugs for certain medical conditions. A placebo is a form of treatment that, in a sense, has nothing in it. Patients in clinical drug trials are often enrolled in the trial because many other treatment options have been tried and have failed. For terminal patients these trials are often their last hope of recovering from their diseases. According to Millum et al. (2013), â€Å"To beRead MoreThe Placebo Effect Curing Patients1253 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most remarkable stories in medical history is the effect the placebo had on Mr. Wright. He had an amazing result from an â€Å"soon-to-be-labeled placebo cancer drug, with baseball-sized tumors melting over the weekend.† (Maloney 2014). When the news was revealed it showed that the drug was ineffective so, Wrights doctor did something completely unethical. He injected Mr. Wright with a saline solution and told him it was an â€Å"improved versi on of the drug.† (Maloney 2014). Mr. Wrights cancerRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Opioid Therapy1226 Words   |  5 Pagesestimated that nearly 50 million people suffer from chronic pain. However, chronic pain continues to be undermanaged with as many as 41% of patients reporting uncontrolled pain 1. Poor pain management outcomes are due in large part to a lack of a pharmacological intervention that is both efficacious for moderate-to-severe chronic pain and widely tolerable. Currently, the most efficacious treatment for moderate-to-severe chronic pain is the use of opioid agonists. Despite the efficacy of opioid therapyRead MoreCultural Influence On Pain Perception And Behavior865 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle I found was called â€Å"Cultural Influence on Pain Perception and Behavior.† The journal talked about how sociocultural context can influence a person experiencing pain. The journal looked at childbirth pain, perception of acute pain, and perception of chronic pain between different ethnic groups. It concluded that pain is heavily influence by cultural background. It pointed out the possibility of a disparity between pain expression, and pain interpretation by the medical professional due toRead MoreA Summary Of I-Charge1358 Words   |  6 PagesCharacteristics of treatment in both trial and placebo groups are described in Table.2 with the level of compliance and the medication regime during the study period. It is observed that women subjects constituted 90% in both Treatment and Placebo groups. The average age in Treatment and Placebo groups were 42 and 41 respectively. 33.33 subjects in treatment and placebo groups were in sick leave. 7 subjects in treatment group and 9 subjects in placebo group were under psychosomatic medications. Read MoreAcupuncture And Its Effects On Pain Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pagesthey believe that it helps to control pain, does acupuncture really help patients control their pain or is it a placebo effect? To try and test the benefits of acupuncture on pain, a group of researchers conducted a meta-analysis to see whether or not acupuncture could help people with their pain after surgery, in a study called â€Å"The Efficacy of Acupuncture in Post-Operative Pain Management† (Wu et al., 2016). Usually after operation, patients are given pain medication to help manage their discomfortRead MoreAcute Care Of Pelvic Fractures1423 Words   |  6 Pagesfeasible in this patient group. In addition, whether it improves hip abductor and adductor peak torque in pelvic fracture rehabilitation compared to a placebo group. Methods: Seven patients with surgically fixed pelvic fractures were randomly allocated into two groups at six weeks post fracture. The treatment group completed six weeks of daily NMES. The placebo group completed six weeks of daily transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). The percentage peak torque in the operated limb was measuredRead MoreComparing A Brief Self As Context Exercise Control Based And Attention Placebo Protocols For Coping With Induced Pain1005 Words   |  5 PagesComparing a Brief Self-as-Context Exercise to Control-Based and Attention Placebo Protocols for Coping with Induced Pain Introduction Comparing a Brief Self-as-Context Exercise to Control-Based and Attention Placebo Protocols for Coping with Induced Pain are two analogue studies that were conducted on college students.This study was conducted due to the large amounts of research that is dedicated to understanding commitment therapy and diagnostic approach based on a unified model of human functioningRead MoreEssay On A Placebo Controlled Trial Of Antibiotics1171 Words   |  5 PagesA Placebo-Controlled Trial of Antibiotics for Smaller Skin Abscesses Daum, Robert S. M.D., C.M.; Miller, Loren G. M.D., M.P.H.; Immergluck, Lilly M.D. etc. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376:2545–2555 B A C K G R O U N D Background Although uncomplicated skin abscesses are common, the appropriate management of the condition in the era of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphyloccous aureus (MRSA) is unclear. Previous trials The cure rates associated with clindamycin are similarRead MoreCase Analysis : Perioperative Pain Management1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was on perioperative pain management. As a nurse in the anesthesia department, preoperative, intraoperative, and post-operative pain management is primarily the responsibility of the anesthesia practitioner. As nurses, we need to be able to appropriately assess a patient’s pain level in order to notify the physician for orders to treat the pain accordingly. â€Å"Acute postoperative pain remains a major problem, with both undertreatment and overtreatment

Causeway - Ancient Man-Made Ritual and Functional Roads

A causeway is a human-constructed functional and/or ceremonial roadway or a set of roadway fragments. In ancient history they are made of earthen or rock structures that typically—but not always—bridged a waterway. Causeways may have been constructed to cross defensive structures, such as moats; irrigation structures, such as canals; or natural wetlands, such as marshes or fens. They often have a ceremonial element to them and their ritual significance can include symbolic passages between the mundane and the sacred, between life and death. Key Takeaways: Causeways Causeways are early types of human-made roads which have practical and ritual functions.The oldest causeways are about 5,500 years old, built to cross ditches and provide access to peat bogs.The Maya people created causeways up to 65 miles in length, crossing miles of forests in a nearly straight line. Causeways are remarkably different in function. Some (like those of the classic Maya) were almost certainly used for parades for diplomatic visits between communities; others such as the 14th-century Swahili coast were used as shipping lanes and ownership markers; or, in the European Neolithic, as trackways assisting navigation through uncertain landscapes. Some causeways are elaborate structures, elevated several feet about the ground such as at Angkor civilization; others are built of planks that bridge peat bogs, those of the Irish bronze age. But all of them are human-constructed roadways  and have some foundation in the history of transportation networks. Earliest Causeways The earliest known causeways are Neolithic bridges, constructed in Europe and dated between 3700 and 3000 BCE. Many Neolithic enclosed settlements had defensive elements, and some had concentric ditches or moats, generally with one or two at most bridges with which to cross. In some special cases, more causeways were built across the ditches then seems necessary, usually at the four cardinal points, allowing people to cross into the interiors from several directions at once. Since such configurations would not be easily defended, enclosed settlements with multiple causeway entrances are considered likely to have had a ceremonial or at least a shared communal aspect. Sarup, a Funnel Beaker site in Denmark occupied between 3400–3200 BC, had a ditch that encircled an area of about 21 acres (8.5 hectares), with several causeways which allow people to cross the ditches. Bronze Age Causeways Bronze Age causeways in Ireland (called tochar, dochair, or togher) are trackways which were built to allow access across and into peat bogs where peat might be cut for fuel. They varied in size and construction material—some were built as a line of planks laid end to end, flanked on each side by two round timbers; others were made of flat stones and gravel laid on a foundation of brushwood. The earliest of these date to about 3400 BCE. Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt often were constructed with causeways connecting the various temples. These causeways were explicitly symbolic—there was no obstacle to be crossed—representing a route that people could use to travel from the Black Land (the land of the living and a place of order) to the Red Land (a place of chaos and the realm of the dead). Beginning in the Old Kingdoms 5th Dynasty, pyramids were built with an orientation following the daily course of the sun across the sky. The oldest causeway at Saqqara was paved with black basalt; by the time of Khufus rule, causeways were roofed and the internal walls were decorated in fine relief, frescos that depicted pyramid construction, agricultural scenes, craftsmen at work and themes of battles between Egyptians and their foreign enemies, and the pharaoh in the presence of gods. Classic Period Maya (600–900 CE) The sacbe (white lane) that leads to the Palacio, Labna, Puuc, Yucatan, Mexico. Mayan civilisation, 7th-10th century. De Agostini / Archivio J. Lange / Getty Causeways were a particularly important form of connection in lowland areas in North America such as those settled by the Maya civilization. There, causeways (known as sacbeob, singular sacbe, connected Maya cities for distances up to about 63 miles (100 kilometers) such as the Late Classic Yaxuna-Coba sacbe. Maya causeways were sometimes built from the bedrock up and can rise as high as 10 feet (3 meters; their widths range from 8 to 40 ft (2.5 to 12 m ), and they connect major Maya city-states. Others are barely above ground level; some cross wetlands and have bridges constructed to cross streams, but others are clearly only ceremonial. Medieval Period: Angkor and the Swahili Coast Short round pillars support the causeway leading to the Baphuon, in Siem Reap, Cambodia. Jeremy Villasis, Philippines / Moment / Getty Images At several sites of the Angkor civilization (9th–13th centuries CE), elevated causeways were constructed as later additions to the immense temples by king Jayavarman VIII (1243–1395). These causeways, perched above the ground atop a series of short columns, provided walkways connecting the major buildings of the temple complexes. They represent only one part of the enormous Khmer road system, a network of canals, pathways and roads which kept the Angkor capital cities in communication. During the height of the Swahili coast trading communities on the east coast of Africa (13th–15th centuries CE), numerous causeways were constructed out of blocks of reef and fossil corals along 75 mi (120 km) of coastline. These causeways were pathways, elevated just above sea level, that extended out perpendicularly from the coast into lagoons at Kilwa Kisiwani Harbor, ending in circular platforms at the seaward side. The fishermen today call them Arab Roads, which is a reference to the oral history which credits the founding of Kilwa to the Arabs, but like Kilwa itself the causeways are known to have been African constructions, built as navigational aids for ships plying the trade route in the 14th-15th centuries and complementing the Swahili urban architecture. These causeways are built of cemented and uncemented reef coral, up to 650 ft (200 m) long, 23–40 ft (7–12 m) wide and built up above the seafloor up to 2.6 ft. (8 m) high. Selected Sources Abdallatif, T., et al. Discovery of the Causeway and the Mortuary Temple of the Pyramid of Amenemhat Ii Using near-Surface Magnetic Investigation, Dahshour, Giza, Egypt. Geophysical Prospecting 58.2 (2010): 307-20. Print.Abramiuk, Marc A. The Discovery of an Ancient Maya Causeway System in the Southern Maya Mountains of Belize. Antiquity 91.357 (2017): e9. Print.Chase, Arlen F., and Diane Z. Chase. The Ancient Maya City: Anthropogenic Landscapes, Settlement Archaeology, and Caracol, Belize. Belize: Institute of Archaeology, NICH, 2016. Print.Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo Technologies of Urbanism in Mesoamerica: The Pre-Columbian Bridges of Cotzumalhuapa, Guatemala. Antiquity 92.362 (2018): 456-71. Print.Pollard, Edward. Safeguarding Swahili Trade in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: A Unique Navigational Complex in South-East Tanzania. World Archaeology 43.3 (2011): 458-77. Print.Uchida, E., et al. A Reconsideration of the Construction Period of the Cruciform Terraces and the Elevated Causeways in the Angkor Monuments, Based on the Magnetic Susceptibility of the Sandstone Blocks. Archaeometry 55.6 (2013): 1034-47. Print.

The Juvenile Justice System Is A State Level System Of...

Today in the United States, citizens under the age of 18 are considered minors. In our criminal justice system, about 1 million juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested each year. While violent crimes by juveniles are decreasing, the female juvenile population has grown tremendously. Both girls and boys who are in the juvenile system usually have problems at home and school that have put them at risk for delinquency. This includes maltreatment, poverty or both, and these factors may have a negative impact on their adjustment to adulthood. In the state of Connecticut, the juvenile justice system is a state level system of juvenile courts, detention centers, private residential facilities and juvenile correctional facilities. In Connecticut, the Superior Court for Juvenile Matters has exclusive original jurisdiction over juveniles accused acts. Delinquents are children, prior to their eighteenth birthdays, who have violated or attempted to violate any federal or state law, order of the Superior Court, or any local or municipal ordinance. Although the same criminal statutes apply to both adults and juveniles, in most cases juveniles are subject to different procedures than adults. When a child is presented into the system, their first encounter occurs with a police officer. Police officers have a wide discretion when it comes to juveniles. Police can make the decision to issue a warning and release the juvenile, speak with parents and release them, make a referral to aShow MoreRelatedThe U.S. Census reported that 1.6 million individuals under the age of 18 were arrested in 2010, a700 Words   |  3 Pagesof 18 were arrested in 2010, a substantial increase from previous years (OJJDP, 2012; US Census Bureau, 2012). Of those individuals detained, over nine percent were convicted as juveniles and entered into a juvenile detention facility (Risler, 2009). Approximately 500,000 children are currently in the foster care system, while almost 300,000 have medical probl ems, have neurological impairs, and developmental delays (Earls, 2013). In addition, they were all exposed to some degree of critical abuseRead MoreJuvenile Justice Facilities : Protecting The Health And Wellness Of Our Youngest Inmates1370 Words   |  6 PagesPREA Mandates in Juvenile Justice Facilities: Protecting the Health and Wellness of our Youngest Inmates Jennifer Hulvat Kaplan University, J.D. Full Time Faculty March, 2015 The month of April brings a change of seasons around the country, and a new focus issue to the table; Health and Wellness. In the area of Juvenile Corrections, we might take this opportunity to revisit a topic I wrote about in February, â€Å"Incarcerated Youth at Risk: Is Your Facility Doing Enough to Avoid Liability?† UltimatelyRead MoreDo Incarcerated Youth Get The Education They Need?913 Words   |  4 Pagespost-secondary education, employment, and wellbeing in adulthood. Historically, one group of students in the United States has received grossly inadequate education: children in juvenile correctional facilities. Little to nothing is known about educational programs in juvenile detention centers. Limited information is available on best practices for educating youth in the juvenile justice system whether committed or detained. 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Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements

Question: Discuss about the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. Answer: 1 Part A The accounting treatments for tenants will affect negatively for tenants with debt covenants. Existing many tenants recognize their lease as operating lease which doesnt not require the lessor to recognize and asset or corresponding liability. Since the new standard requires all lease agreements including operating to recognize the right to use as an asset and record the corresponding liability. This may affect the relationship with creditor as there is an covenant signed and the creditor may require to terminate the lease agreement or may require the debt back. As per the debt hypothesis of Pat the tenants may show higher profits and better liquidity position in its financial position to enhance its position. (IFRS, 2016) Part B The new standard will have many social and economic impacts such as There will be increase in transparency which will enhance the shareholders trust in the financial statements. This increase in trust will encourage investors and affect the over market positively. However there could also be some negative consequences as the new standard will require companies to record lease assets and liabilities which in turn will affect the companys financial ratios and financial reports. This may affect companys share price, if so, the stock exchanges will be affected negatively. Additionally due to more recognized liabilities, the company may not be able to obtain further finance. (IFRS, 2016) Part C Accounting standard setters should consider the economic and social implications of the standards they set. AASB states that the accounting and financial reporting have the basic purpose of presenting true and fair picture of the financial statements. This is due the fact that presenting true and fair view will enhance the investors trust in the financial system. Increased investor trust will result in increase investment in the economy. Accounting standard setters should ensure that accounting standards should present true and fair view of the company and increase investment. 2 Part A Positive accounting theory while analyzing facts continues to suggest how the businesses operate, what their thought processes are and what are their basic goals and expectations. According to the Positive accounting theory, businesses or entities aim ensure their survival by maximizing its profits. It observed that in cases where exists conflicts of interest between the company and its mangers, the managers chose their benefit. Due to such reason, share based payments were introduced. (Watts and Zimmerman, 1986) According to the bonus plan hypothesis of the positive accounting theory, managers will shift the future profits to current year in order to increase their bonus in case where they are offered bonus schemes. Part B Normative theories are based on values and are subjective where as positive theories are based on facts and are objective. Positive theories dont need to be always correct. But they should be able to be tested. Public interest theory suggests that the regulatory authorities operate in the interest of the public. Accordingly as per the theory, every decision the authorities take is in the best interest of the public as large. Accordingly it is considered that these bodies are neutral. (Watts and Zimmerman, 1986) This theory could be tested through the example of Sarbanes-Oxley Act in which the government made and implemented regulations to ensure that public interest is served. 3 Part A Professional judgment has these characteristics: a process that involves making choices or decisions about courses of action in a certain activity these choices or decisions are made in the context where there are standards to be followed such choices or decisions require certain skills, knowledge and experience to be used in making such decisions, and those making them have to exhibit certain qualities For example, an accountant can decide that an asset can be measured through fair value or historical cost. His decision would be based on his professional judgment. If his judgment is incorrect, this would result in overvaluation of assets. (Dagwell, Wines and Lambert, 2007) Part B AASB supports both stewardship and information usefulness in the information required regarding information provided in the financial statement. Decision usefulness is related to the information that would enable the users of the financial statements to make sensible and known decision. This could be reflected in the conceptual framework as the conceptual framework requires the information presented in the financial statements to be relevant to the users of the financial statements. Relevance here refers to the characteristic that the information should enable enable the users of the financial statements to make sensible and known decision. (Amendments to the Australian conceptual framework, n.d.) Secondly Stewardship refers to the relationship between the owners and the managements of the company. Accordingly managements serve as stewards for the owners and have provide accountability. The conceptual framework requires the management to prepare financial statements and get them audited before being presented to the owners. This asserts that AASB also highlights stewardship. (Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2014) 4 Part A It is highly observed that companies provide information about their activities when it its feasible and beneficial for the company. The primary objective of a business is to earn profits for the owners of the company. Companies do not consider social information as their responsibility thus they prefer to provide such information only in the cases where such information will provide financial benefit to the company. However, if provision of such information is made mandatory, it will increase the costs incurred by the company and this will not be welcomed by the company as per the capitalist view. (Gaffikin, Dagwell and Wines, 2004) Part B Yes it would be agreeable that companies will not provide social and environmental in the absence of regulatory requirements. This can be evidence by the following arguments. Normally companies follow capitalist view that assert, company have the basis purpose to earn profits for its shareholders, since providing such information will increase companys costs, company would avoid providing such information In most of the cases, companies provide social and environmental information as they assume that such provision will improve the companys image among he consumers and will enhance companys profitability. Company may not provide all the necessary information if it considers that such information will affect the company negatively. (Gaffikin, Dagwell and Wines, 2004) References Amendments to the Australian conceptual framework. (n.d.). . Australian Accounting Standards Board, (2014).Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. Victoria. Dagwell, R., Wines, G. and Lambert, C. (2007).Corporate accounting in Australia. Sydney, N.S.W.: University of New South Wales Press. Gaffikin, M., Dagwell, R. and Wines, G. (2004).Corporate accounting in Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press. IFRS, (2016).Effects Analysis International Financial Reporting Standard 16 Leases. Watts, R. and Zimmerman, J. (1986).Positive accounting theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Absurdity of a Sivilized Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example

Absurdity of a Sivilized Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn Essay An Analysis of Huckleberry Finn: The Absurdity of a â€Å"Sivilized† Society Authors often express their views on any given subject through their works, and Mark Twain is no exception. One may read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and believe it is simply a novel about a young boys childhood; however, a deeper analysis of the text reveals many of Mark Twain’s expressions about important moral and social issues. Perhaps one of the most prominent being the frailty of human justice and the hypocrisy we as a people foster in our societies. Throughout the novel, Huck meets people who appear to be good, civilized people, but always end up having a hypocritical fault about them. Though not every instance is a grave matter, Twain’s writing shows that societies in Huck’s world are based upon corrupted laws and principles that defy basic logic. Twain’s writing leaves the reader with an understanding that cowardice, illogical choices, and selfish as well as hypocritical people mark these societies. Twain begins weaving hypocrisies and cants early into the story; one of the most appalling being the issue of Huck’s custody. This flawed system of thought is first shown when the new judge in St. Petersburg rules that Pap has rightful custody of Huck. Although this would be bad for Huck if his father became his legal guardian, the judge asserts Pap’s rights to Huck as his biological son, despite the fact that this is placing Huck’s welfare below the so-called rights of his father. Ironically, this system would put Huck under his dad’s custody, leaving him worse off, whereas Jim is separated from his family despite being a far better father and person. However, the welfare of the individual isn’t highly valued in society, and thus they are placed in uncomfortable, often dangerous situations. The judge tries to put Huck back in contact with his horrid father and therefore abuse, but Jim, a loving parent, never receives help to be with his children and help rescue them from slavery and separation. This decision defies all logic one would find in a normal society, and yet this kind of thinking was commonplace. We will write a custom essay sample on Absurdity of a Sivilized Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Absurdity of a Sivilized Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Absurdity of a Sivilized Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The values and welfare of a black person were nowhere near as important as those of a white man, and even though Jim is a grown man with the most in tune moral compass of any character in the book, Huck still has power over him simply because he is white. By comparing the situation of Pap and Huck with slaves and their masters, Twain hints that it is impossible for a society to be civilized so long as it practices slavery. Though not quite as harmful, another example of a hypocritical character can be found in the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson. In an attempt to â€Å"sivilize† Huckleberry, Miss Watson reprimands him for smoking a cigarette and yet she snuffs tobacco. â€Å"Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the widow to let me. But she wouldn’t. She said it was a mean practice and wasn’t clean, and I must try to not do it any more†¦ And she took snuff, too; of course that was all right, because she done it herself† (Twain 2). She prevents Huck from doing what she believes is uncivilized and detrimental to his health, yet doesn’t think twice about proceeding to do something very similar simply because she herself enjoys it. This example of hypocrisy is not particularly malicious, but yet another example of how all the characters Huck is involved with has some form of a hypocritical flaw. Furthermore, Miss Watson is quite religious and, in efforts to teach Huck, tells him that all he must do is pray for something and he will have it. However, when Huck needs fishhooks and asks her to help pray for them, she calls him a fool. Then Miss Watson she took me in the closet and prayed, but nothing come of it. She told me to pray every day, and whatever I asked for I would get it. But it warnt so. I tried it. Once I got a fish- line, but no hooks. It warnt any good to me without hooks. I tried for the hooks three or four times, but somehow I couldnt make it make it work. By-and-by, one day, I asked Miss Watson to try for me, but she said I was a fool. (Twain 8). Miss Watson tells Huck that if he does something, he can expect a certain result but when things don’t work, he asks for her help and she chides him for it! The widow Douglas and Miss Watson are religious, educated, and yet, they are slave owners. They educate Huck, and teach him religion but find it perfectly acceptable to do things contrary to their teachings, such as snuff and practice slavery. The latter, being a more insidious humbug of St. Petersburg, is shown over and over again throughout Huck’s journey. As Huck begins to stray from his backwards, insincere town, he reaches different places with different people, all different in their own way and yet, very similar to those in St. Petersburg. The Duke and Dauphin are two despicable con men who join Huck and Jim as they continue to drift on the river. The Duke and Dauphin cause trouble for Huck and Jim, as well as the towns they visit. The fault here is that, the Duke and Dauphin are able to scam entire communities by lying, pretending to be someone they’re not, and cheating their guests. Though they spend most of the novel doing awful things or planning awful things, they both are hardly punished. After the first showing of The Royal Nonesuch, the first group of attendees realizes they have been cheated. However, instead of chastising the Duke and Dauphin, the audience that night chooses to lie about the performance in order to cheat a second group of attendees. Hold on! Just a word, gentlemen. † They stopped to listen. â€Å"We are sold—mighty badly sold. But we don’t want to be the laughing stock of this whole town, I reckon, and never hear the last of this thing as long as we live. NO. What we want is to go out of here quiet, and talk this show up, and sell the REST of the town! Then we’ll al l be in the same boat. Ain’t that sensible? † (You bet it is! —the jedge is right! † everybody sings out. ) â€Å"All right, then—not a word about any sell. Go along home, and advise everybody to come and see the tragedy. † (Twain 114). Most hypocritical, however, is the fact that the Judge of the town conceived this plan. He who stands as a pillar of justice and truth in the town decides to cheat the others in order to save face. By the third night, everyone in town has seen the play and the Duke and Dauphin make a large profit from their misconduct. Immoral acts committed by the Duke and Dauphin never yielded punishments, but brazen, drunk insults led to execution. Boggs, described as the â€Å"most easy going old fool in Arkansas†, began shouting insults and anathemas at Sherburn, the man who had cheated him. He [Sherburn] was standing perfectly still in the street, and had a pistol raised in his right hand—not aiming it, but holding it out with the barrel tilted up towards the sky†¦ Boggs throws up both of his hands and says, â€Å"O Lord, don’t shoot! † Bang! goes the first shot, and he staggers back, clawing at the air—bang! goes the second one, and he tumbles backwards on to the ground, heavy and solid, with his arms spread out. † (Twain 108). The Duke and Dauphin cheat entire communities and remain unpunished by their terrible acts; however, peccadilloes like shouting drunken insults result in execution. Twain’s writing exposes the issue of faulty justice and duplicitous nature of men. Furthermore, Sherburn’s speech to the angry mob around his house in relation to a lack of logic and cowardice capitulates Twain’s societal views. Twain’s use of hypocrisy helps express his views on societal issues. Though not every instance is harmful, such as Miss Watson’s snuff usage, other notable examples such as the execution of Boggs and the custody of Huck highlight his belief that cowardice, lack of logic, and selfishness are at the core of society, not the communal welfare that it should be. The repeated instances of insecure, logic defying justice are the root of the problem, as thoughtless crimes are punished severely whereas serious crimes go scot-free. Throughout the novel, Huck meets characters that appear good, yet Twain makes a conscious effort to prove they are prejudiced slave owners. The illogical choices and hypocritical people presented throughout the novel show the hypocrisy and ludicrousness of the â€Å"sivilized† society.

Free Essays on Unorthodox Look At The Life Of Sir Isaac Newton

The Man Who Was Sir Isaac Newton When the name Sir Isaac Newton is mentioned today, many people think, â€Å"Hey that’s that guy who had an apple fall on his head.† Little do they know that Sir Isaac Newton’s ingenious discoveries are responsible for what everyone perceives as common knowledge these days. Newton was born on what was then Christmas Day in 1642. Today this date would be January 4th due to the fact that England used a different calendar back then. Unlike the man that would become his son, Isaac’s father was a rather uneducated person. It was said that he could not even write his own name. Nonetheless, the Newton’s were a rather wealthy farming family. Alas, all seemingly good things have a dark side. Before Isaac was even born, his father pasted away. When Isaac was still a toddler, his harlot of a mother remarried and sent him away to his grandmother to be treated as an orphan. Isaac was a very lonely child. He probably got beat up for being a nerd. Isaac decided that he had no choice but to turn to books for love. Isaac entered college as a sizar. This was a type of scholarship in which the sizar had to be the personal servant to another student. The exact reason why such a wealthy child had to serve others is not known. At college, Newton had to study the works of many great scholars. He compiled his own thoughts about their works in a memorandum he called â€Å"Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae.† Newton first entered the field of math when he bought an astrology book at a fair. He in turn found that the book was a little too advanced for him, so he decided to start out slowly. Yet when he tried a different book, it was way too easy. So he went back to the astrology book and finally conquered it. His studies continued along with his ideas. He came up with many calculus equations before Leibniz claimed that he â€Å"officially† discovered it. They had this big fight th... Free Essays on Unorthodox Look At The Life Of Sir Isaac Newton Free Essays on Unorthodox Look At The Life Of Sir Isaac Newton The Man Who Was Sir Isaac Newton When the name Sir Isaac Newton is mentioned today, many people think, â€Å"Hey that’s that guy who had an apple fall on his head.† Little do they know that Sir Isaac Newton’s ingenious discoveries are responsible for what everyone perceives as common knowledge these days. Newton was born on what was then Christmas Day in 1642. Today this date would be January 4th due to the fact that England used a different calendar back then. Unlike the man that would become his son, Isaac’s father was a rather uneducated person. It was said that he could not even write his own name. Nonetheless, the Newton’s were a rather wealthy farming family. Alas, all seemingly good things have a dark side. Before Isaac was even born, his father pasted away. When Isaac was still a toddler, his harlot of a mother remarried and sent him away to his grandmother to be treated as an orphan. Isaac was a very lonely child. He probably got beat up for being a nerd. Isaac decided that he had no choice but to turn to books for love. Isaac entered college as a sizar. This was a type of scholarship in which the sizar had to be the personal servant to another student. The exact reason why such a wealthy child had to serve others is not known. At college, Newton had to study the works of many great scholars. He compiled his own thoughts about their works in a memorandum he called â€Å"Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae.† Newton first entered the field of math when he bought an astrology book at a fair. He in turn found that the book was a little too advanced for him, so he decided to start out slowly. Yet when he tried a different book, it was way too easy. So he went back to the astrology book and finally conquered it. His studies continued along with his ideas. He came up with many calculus equations before Leibniz claimed that he â€Å"officially† discovered it. They had this big fight th...

Business1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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ARGUMANET ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARGUMANET ANALYSIS - Essay Example Some of the international aspect of Dubai is alluded to because only 10% of residents are from the city. Probably the most interesting element in the article was a visit to a museum which outlines the â€Å"Old Dubai† which surprisingly is of little interest to most people. Lastly the author alludes to the ‘fake-ness’ of the city in that nearly every element to the city is artificial but she alluded that time will tell for the future of the emirate. This paper postulates that Wilentz did indeed ultimately enjoy her time in Dubai however she finds a certain element of in-authenticity in this newly emerged powerful city state. The target audience that she seems to be addressing would most likely be potential tourists from an English speaking nation that are interested in visiting the Emirate of Dubai. The tone that is set by Wilentz is of a land with extreme dichotomies. Although some people may indeed enjoy Dubai, it is presented that there is a lot to dislike about the city state. The means by which Wilentz establishes this argument is through example. Firstly, the author indicated that the city has firmly entrenched dichotomies. Although the city is very international (the statistic that she used indicated that approximately 10% of inhabitants come from the emirate) it is not a melting pot insofar as there is a firmly entrenched caste system. During an excursion with Benedict Fisher of Nakheel Wilenty was exposed first hand to â€Å"The Palm† a man made land mass for real estate development. WIlenty indicated that although she found the land mass to be interesting there was a strong unnatural element about it even going so far as to describe it as being â€Å"like a developers ocean-view hallucination.† Wilentz stated that her hotel room at the Burj Al Arab costs $2000 a night which is more that the foreign workers who built the structure earned in a year which further reinforces the dichotomy of visiting

VLSI Architecture for QR Decomposition on MHHT Algoritm

VLSI Architecture for QR Decomposition on MHHT Algoritm A VLSI Architecture for the QR Decomposition based on the MHHT Algorithm s.n.v.sai.pratap1 k.kalyani2 s.rajaram3 Abstract: This paper presents Novel VLSI (Very Large Scale of Integration) architecture for the QR decomposition (QRD) based on the Modified Householder transformation (MHHT) algorithm. QRD of a matrix H is decomposition of matrixHinto a productof an orthogonal matrix Qand an upper triangularR. QRD is often used to solve several engineering problems in many areas. Pre-processing modules based on QRD makes the decoding in signal processing easier and implementing data detection with QRD helps to reduce the complexity of spatial multiplexing MIMO – OFDM detection. The techniques used for implementing QR decomposition are: Givens rotation, Modified GramSchmidt Orthogonalization (MGS), Householder Transformations (HHT), and indeed Modified Householder transformation (MHHT). The proposed MHHT algorithm shows best trade-off between complexity and numerical precision, and also suites for VLSI architectures. The proposed MHHT algorithm reduces computation time and hardware area of the QRD block compared to the existing Householder algorithm. Implementation of this algorithm is carried out in FPGA Virtex6 xc6vlx550tl-1Lff1759 device with the help of Xilinx ISE 14.1. Keywords: MIMO systems,VLSI architecture, QR Decomposition (QRD), Householder Transformation(HHT). 1. INTRODUCTION: The QR decomposition (QRD) is a basic matrix factorization method from matrix-computation theory used to compute two output matrices Q and R from an input matrix H, such that H = QR. QRD is often used to solve many engineering areas like least-square problems, linear system equations etc. For symbol-decoding solutions inside Spatial-Multiplexing Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (SM-MIMO) systems, QRD basically consists in simplifying demodulation tasks in suboptimal and near-optimal solutions by finding an orthogonal matrix Q and an upper-triangular matrix R from an input matrix H. Several techniques towards implementing the QRD are already reported in literature. For instance, and under the context of SM-MIMO systems, the most explored are the Modified Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization (MGS, as a generalized improvement of the Gram-Schmidt algorithm), Givens rotation, the Modified Householder Transformations (MHHT as an enhancement of the Householder Transformation algorithm). Due to its simplicity and numerical stability, the QR factorization algorithm utilizing Householder transformations has been adopted. An overview of the main steps of the Existing Householder QR algorithm is presented. The purpose of this work is to show that when modifying existing Householder QR factorization to the matrix H, the computational complexity and hardware area gets reduced. Due to its trade-off in complexity, numerical precision, and VLSI implementation suitability, the MHHT is preferred. The contribution of this paper is to present a flexible and scalable FPGA-based VLSI architecture with competitive capabilities against other related approaches, motivated on the context of SM-MIMO demodulation solutions. The organization of this paper is as follows: Section II presents the QRD. In Section III, the exisiting HHT and MHHT algorithm is exposed. Implementation results are reported in Section IV, and conclusions are covered in Section V. 2. QR DECOMPOSITION The QRD constitutes a relevant pre-processing operation in SM-MIMO demodulation tasks [1-2]. The baseband equivalent model can be described in (1) At each symbol time, a vector S with each symbol belonging to the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (q-QAM) constellation passes through the channel response matrix H. The received vector y at the receiving antenna for each symbol time is a noisy superimposition of the signals contaminated by Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) given by n.The maximum likelihood (ML) detector is the optimum detection algorithm for the MIMO system. It requires finding the signal point from all transmit vector signal sets that minimize the Euclidean distance with respect to the received signal vector. The transmitted symbol s can be estimated by solving (2) This gives the optimal result. However, solving (2) with larger constellations and multiple antennas will result in complex calculations. Instead of solving (2) as such, the symbol estimation can be simplified by using QR decomposition of.That is where resides the usefulness of decomposing matrix H in a QR form, yielding a back-recursive dependency on elements in S without incurring into a BER (Bit Error Rate) loss [3-4]. With this practice, the computational complexity is reduced. The detected vector is computed based on the ML algorithm with QR decomposition as given in (3) (3) where is in upper triangular form, approximation of is computationally simpler with the aid of (3). Note that for MIMO-OFDM systems operated in stationary environments, the channel matrix remains almost the same. Thus, QR decomposition of the channel matrix can be done only once to get matrix. On the other hand, the calculation of must be updated for every incoming signal. 2.1 QRD IMPLEMENTATION The techniques used for QR decomposition are: Gram–Schmidt algorithm obtains the orthogonal basis spanning the column space of the matrix by the orthogonality principle. Using a series of projection, subtraction, norm and division, the column vector of the unitary matrix containing the orthogonal basis can be acquired one by one and upper triangular matrix is also obtained as a by-product. Householder Transformation (HHT) tries to zero out the most elements of each column vector at a stroke by reflection operations. The upper triangular matrix is derived after each transformation matrix being applied to every column vector sequentially. The unitary matrix involves the multiplications of these Householder transformation matrices and thus the complexity is much higher. On the other hand, Givens Rotation (GR) zeros one element of the matrix at a time by two-dimensional rotation. If an identity matrix is fed as an input, the unitary matrix will be calculated by using the same rotation sequence when the upper triangular matrix is obtained (Malstev 2006; Hwang 2008 and Patel 2009).The Gram–Schmidt algorithm has the disadvantage that small imprecisions in the calculation of inner products accumulate quickly and lead to effective loss of orthogonality.HHT method has greater numerical stabilitythan the Gram–Schmidt method. Givens method stores two numbers c and s, for each rotation and thus requires more storage and work than Householder method .Givens rotation requires more complicated implementation in order to overcome this disadvantages. Givens rotation can be beneficial for computing QR factorization only when many entries of matrix are already zero, since nullifying certain matrix elements can be skipped. Unlike Givens Transform, Householder Transform can act on all columns of a matrix, and require less computations for Tridiagonalization and QR decomposition, but cannot be deeply or efficiently parallelized. Householder is used for dense matrices on sequential machines, while Givens is u sed for sparse matrices or/on parallel machines. 3. QRD using Householder Transformation In this section, the existing Householder Transformation algorithm is described, followed by proposed HHT method architecture is demonstrated in detail. 3.1 Householder Transformation Householder QR algorithm gradually transforms H into an upper triangular form R by applying a sequence of Householder matrices (multiplies H from the left with Q). Householder transformation is performed by projecting a multi-dimensional input vector onto a plane zeroes multiple elements at the same time. An nÃâ€"n matrix H of the form , (4) is called a Householder matrix. The vector is called a Householder vector. Pre-multiplication of the coefficient matrix with is used to zero out appropriate elements of. It is easy to verify that Householder matrices are symmetric and orthogonal. The Householder matrix block involves the computation of an outer product which requires complexity operation. However, the practical time requirement of using to zero out elements in is lower than that of computing a full outer product. This is because of the tedious computation of the full matrix which is not necessary in practice. Householder reflections work well for introducing large number of zeros using just one matrix multiplication (computing). Normally, all the elements below the diagonal of an entire column of the matrix are eliminated by one Householder reflection. However, this leads to a difficulty when Householder transforms are implemented on parallelly. One reflection affects multiple rows, and therefore, it is difficult to achieve fine-grained parallelism in the operation. The algorithm for Householder transform is given in Table 1. and its block diagram is given in Figure 2. Fig. 2 Block diagram of HHT Table 1 HHT algorithm End Householder vector block: The conventional method of Householder algorithm for decomposing channel matrix is given in Table 1. Initially, the channel matrix is assigned to matrix. It can be periodically updated by following steps to obtain upper triangular matrix. The first column of is assigned to ‘a’ vector. After that the norm value of ‘a’ is calculated and assigned it to ‘g’. The Householder vector ‘v’ is the division ‘u’ and‘t’ which is the norm operation of vector selection . Householder matrix block: The output of Householder vector is given as input to Householder matrix block. Finally, H is computed by The above operation can be updated upto n times to obtain the upper triangular matrix and unitary matrix. It is given below, (5) Q = (HnHn-1†¦H1) T (6) Here the matrix is given to the input of channel matrix to update its vector value. The orthogonal matrix is computed by the multiplication of ‘n’ Householder matrix. Hence its complexity increases and also it occupy more hardware area. If the matrix size increases, the hardware area also increases tremendously. So there is need to reduce the hardware complexity of this block. 3.2 Proposed HHT method The existing method of Householder reflection requires large hardware area and computation time. Householder transformations also provide the capability of nullifying multiple elements simultaneously by reflecting a multi-dimensional input vector onto a plane. However, VLSI implementation of the Householder algorithm needs square-root, multiplication and division operations, which require high hardware complexity. To resolve this issue, a novel Householder algorithm is presented that use series of simple Householder projections, which can be easily implemented using simple arithmetic operations. The proposed algorithm as given in table2 has lesser number of computations compared to the existing algorithm. In Figure 3, the block diagram of modified method is given. It shows two major sub blocks (i.e.) householder vector block and householder matrix block. Householder vector block is same to the previous method of computing ‘v’ with extra weight vector computation. Here modification taken in the Householder matrix block to eliminate matrix multiplication. The vector ‘v’ subtracted from ‘f’ and column vector of channel matrix to give ‘H’ value. Fig. 3 Block diagram of MHHT. In the first step, matrix H is reduced to with all zeros below the diagonal element in the first column by computing the sign of the pivot element d and weight value w. Compared to the previous algorithm, number of steps required to obtain the first matrix can be reduced. For example, if the initial channel matrix of 4Ãâ€"4 undergone to Householder reflection, then it reduces the matrix with all zeros below the first element. The computation of Householder vector in the existing algorithm requires large memory and area. Because is a 4Ãâ€"4 matrix, multiplication of become complex process. To avoid such a task, column vector of matrix has been taken one by one and process it iteratively to obtain the upper triangular matrix. After computation of the first step the matrix size reduced to. After that, the sub matrix of size 3Ãâ€"3 is taken and the steps can be applied repeatedly. The algorithm to compute Householder Vector block is given below. Table 2 HHT algorithm End Repeat above steps for right bottom (n-1)*(n-1) matrix of R Householder vector block: In this Householder reflection algorithm, it transforms the column (7) into the vector of the form (8) where the diagonal element (9) The Householder vector can be computed by, (10) where and This block computation is same as that of previous Householder vector block with a little modification in the weight value. Householder matrix block: After obtaining the Householder vector, the output vector is given to the input of Householder matrix block. The computation of this block is very simple compared to previous method of Householder matrix block computing. The Householder matrix element algorithm is given below, (11) where It reduces the channel matrix to its upper triangular form in steps. To reduce the complexity of computing Q, here the output vector y’ has been taken directly and its algorithm is given below, (12) So the execution time for computing the upper triangular matrix and output vector is very less when compared to conventional Householder reflection algorithm. This reduces the hardware area for the Householder matrix block. The QR decomposition using modified Householder transformation algorithm is simulated by taking ‘a’ as input channel matrix, ‘zb’ as output vector and ‘upper’ as upper triangular matrix. The unitary or orthogonal matrix ‘Q’ need not to be calculated. The output vector in (3) can be computed from the updated Householder vector ‘v’. Also the extra time needed to calculate ‘Q’ can be reduced. So the speed of decomposing the channel matrix can be increased tremendously. 4. Results and Discussion QR decomposition algorithm is required as a pre-processing unit for many MIMO detectors. The accuracy of the channel matrix QR decomposition does not have an impact on the MIMO detection process and finally receiver’s bit-error-rate (BER) performance. The existing and proposed Householder algorithms are downloaded on to Xilinx device xc6vlx550tl-1Lff1759. The synthesis results are compared to show the area efficiency of the proposed one. The channel matrix H elements are represented in floating point representation of 16 bits comprising 1 for sign bit,3 bits for decimal part and 12 bits for fractional part. The 16 bit representation shows an numerical precision oscillates around the interval[10-6,10-5] for both existing and modified algorithms . The computation of column vectors of the R matrix can be parallelised in modified algorithm and thus improvement is obtained in computational time of 49.7% reduction.The computational time for proposed algorithm is about 194.84ns,whereas exisiting algorithm is about 394.56ns. Modified algorithm reduces the matrix computation into vector multilications for some extent and thus reduces the hardware area as obtained from the synthesis report. Table 3 Synthesis report for Conventional Householder algorithm Logic Utilization Used Available Slice LUTs 11142 343680 Bonded IOBs 768 840 BUFG/BUFGCTRL’S 0 32 DSP48E1s 261 864 Table 4 Synthesis report for Proposed Householder algorithm Logic Utilization Used Available Slice LUTs 7634 343680 Bonded IOBs 385 840 BUFG/BUFGCTRL’S 1 32 DSP48E1s 70 864 Table 5 Comparison result Logic Utilization Conventional HHT Proposed HHT % reduced Slice LUTs 11142 7634 31% LUT Flip flops 768 385 49.8% Bonded IOBs 0 1 DSP48E1s 261 70 73% 5. Conclusion To reduce the computational and hardware complexity, Householder transformation algorithm for QRD has been modified. The computation of Q is the tedious process in the existing algorithm. In this work, it can be overcome by directly computing output vector. It reduces the computation time by 52.38% and also reduce in hardware area compared to previous HHT algorithm (Slices – 31%, LUTs – 49.8%) presented in the QRD. Thus it is evident from the comparison result that the number of slices and 4 input LUTs required in FPGA implementation of QR Decomposition is reduced thereby making the low complex design which can meet the specifications of most OFDM communication systems, including VDSL, 802.16, DAB and DVB. In future, this work can be extended to implement K-best LSD and Turbo decoding of LTE receiver. References Lee, K.F. and Williams, D.B.: A space-frequency transmitter diversity technique for OFDM systems. In Proc. Global Telecommunications Conf., San Francisco, CA, pp. 1473-1477. (Nov. 2000) H. Kim, J. Kim, S. Yang, M. Hong, and Y. Shin, â€Å"An effective MIMO–OFDM system for IEEE 802.22 WRAN channels,† IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 821–825, Aug. 2008. H.-L. Lin, R. C. Chang, and H.-L. Chen, â€Å"A high speed SDM-MIMO decoder using efficient candidate searching for wireless communication,† IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 289–293, Mar. 2008. L. Boher, R. Rabineau, and M. Helard, â€Å"FPGA implementation of an iterative receiver for MIMO–OFDM systems,† IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 857–866, Aug. 2008. M.-S. Baek, Y.-H. You, and H.-K. Song, â€Å"Combined QRD-M and DFE detection technique for simple and efficient signal detection in MIMO–OFDM systems,† IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1632–1638, Apr. 2009. C. F. T. Tang, K. J. R. Liu, and S. A. Tretter, â€Å"On systolic arrays for recursive complex Householder transformations with applications to array processing,† in Proc. Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Process., 1991, pp. 1033–1036. K.-L. Chung and W.-M. Yan, â€Å"The complex Householder transform,† IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 2374–2376, Sep. 1997. S. Y. Kung, VLSI Array Processors. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, 1987.

Essay --

â€Å"You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft.† (Twain, 181). In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain. Huck is a young boy in the 1840s; he runs away from home and floats down the Mississippi River. He meets a runaway slave named Jim and the two go on a series of adventures leading to Jim’s freedom. Throughout the novel, Huck slowly changes his views of racism. As Huck begins to have a change of heart, he gradually begins to decide between right and wrong. As a result, Huck faces moral dilemma of being between the world's prejudice that he learned growing up, and the lessons Jim has taught him throughout the story about the evils of racism. Huck’s struggles are revealed through the conflicts with his moral beliefs and cultural dilemmas. This is shown through his conflicts with himself, with other characters and society. Huck struggles with himself through his moral beliefs. Huck struggles with himself because he grows up in the lower class and when he moves in with the Widow it is hard for him to adjust to the life of the upper class. Huck is speaking to the reader at the beginning of the novel about events that have occurred in the previous novel, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Huck explains how he was adopted by The Widow Douglas and how she tried to civilize him. â€Å"The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time †¦ when I couldn’t stand it no longer I lit out †¦ But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back† (2). This passage shows how Huck is being civilized by the widow and since he is from the lower class ... ...uck’s struggles are revealed through his conflicts with his morals and beliefs. This is shown through the conflicts with himself, other characters and society. Huck struggles with himself when he is trying to send a letter to the Widow Douglas about Jim where being. Huck contemplates but can only think of reason to tear the letter up. Also, Huck struggles with others because many characters influence Huck’s morals and beliefs. Jim has a big effect on Huck’s life because he changes Huck’s belief of Africans. Lastly, Huck struggles with the expectations that society has put on him. As Huck begins to have a change of heart, he gradually begins to decide between his morals and beliefs. Therefore, Huck faces moral dilemmas of being between the world's prejudice that he learned growing up, and the lessons Jim has taught him throughout the story about the evils of racism.

Adam Smiths Invisible Hand

Page 41 questions 2-5, 7 and 9 2) Honoring tradition, because Traditional Economies are based on customs and beliefs of its people, aka cultural things, which is often a tradition. 3) Economic decisions in a command economy are made from government officials considering the resources and needs of the country and distribute resources based on their judgment. 4) Consumers can spend their money as they want; producers decide what goods or services they’ll offer. 5) Adam Smith’s â€Å"invisible hand† does function in both traditional economies and command economies, too.In traditional economies they base everything on survival. To survive, you must think about yourself but more so about your peers to make sure you all produce and consume what you need. In command economies, the government distributes based on their judgments but still after considering what the people need. 7) Well defined economic roles and goals can be a strength in a traditional economy because th ere isn’t much disagreement going on about it. It can also be a weakness because people may not be able to get the role they desire due to their beliefs. ) I believe this is a traditional economy because in a traditional economy, tradition sort of assigns their jobs to them and by belief they can’t change this. Producers have to use materials as custom says, so they may not be able to use them as they would like to. And since they go by tradition, people can’t really change or have any say in the basic economy questions, or how they’re answered. Page 47 questions 2-5, 9 2) So they can provide for everyone. 3) Leaders can use the nation’s resources to produce items that may not make money in a market economy and even the sick or old who aren’t productive economically are provided for. ) Prices are below what they could be worth, and leaders are more unaware of local conditions, making their decisions wrong. The leaders are paged no matter the ir output. No private property makes people want to use resources wrong more. 5) The state rules the individuals every move. 9) Page 57 Questions 2-5, 7, 9 2) Private property, specialization, consumer sovereignty, competition, government involvement, voluntary exchange, profit. 3) People free to make their own economic choices, people are free to develop interests and talents they like. Profit. ) No mechanism for providing public goods and services, cannot provide security to those who cant be productive. 5) Efficiency serves as a reward for hard work and innovation, and if they were inefficient with distributing resources, they would make less profit. 7) What payments they pay to the factor market are sent as income from resources to the households who pay consumer spending to the product market which sends business revenue right back to businesses. 9) The government in this economy can try to help provide for those who can’t be productive and try to do some public services and offer goods.Page 63 questions 2-5, 8-9 2) A market driven mixed economy is an economy where the people want a mixture of command economies and market. France is one of these, their economy emphasized the command system in years following WW2, in the 80’s they witnessed the dissatisfaction with performance of the gov’t. So the French lowered the command role. 3) 4) 5) 8) 9) #1: The producer should be able to decide how many of the digital cameras or of everything else to produce. Because he is producing that good, he should be able to decide who to make it for, as well. #2:

Animal Experimentation Is Vital - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1512 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Animal Testing Essay Did you like this example? Whats the Price Animal rights is based on the belief that non-human animals have rights similar and equal to humans. However testing is clearly split down the middle. Today animals are used in the development of all kinds of things, such as medical research by the use of animal experimentation. Animal testing provides some people with hope for potential cures for viruses but testing on live animals is not necessary. Today, advanced technology takes care of that for us. By using models, we can replicate things that animals cant. You may ask yourself so whats the big problem? Well the problem is these animals are cruelly mistreated and most likely will lead to death. These animals are born with defects and experimented on. Animal testing should be banned because its cruel, unnecessary and not effective. Animal testing is not only down right wrong, its also unjust in todays society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Animal Experimentation Is Vital" essay for you Create order Animal experimentation is vital to the development and the future of the human race. Scientists believe that animal research saves thousands of lives worldwide and is reasonably safe. Scientists rely on animal models to learn how diseases process and work on developing potential treatments. Animal experimentation is saving the lives of people who had little hope for survival and without recent developments these cures would not be possible. In order for scientists to look for cures, they have to use animals as test patients to see how a disease continually progresses in a living body (Trull 2). Scientists cant just have any species. They have to have species that is close to a humans genome, such as mice or even primates. Mice are particularly known as the most common model for disease research. Infact, mice share over 92% genetic similarity to us humans (Trull 2). Over the past century, animal research has proved to be vital to stamp out several major epidemics of infectious disease. Most notable is the cure of smallpox. By testing on cows, scientists were able to develop a vaccination for the disease. Also, decades of long research with monkeys, dogs, and mice gave us a cure to get rid of polio. These non-human primates have also contributed to the research and the development of drugs that fight cancer, malaria, HIV/Aids and many more diseases (Animal Testing 1). Research and experimentation has allowed us to increase the U.S. survival rate of cancer by more than 60% between 2001-2007. (Trull 1). All because of animal experimentation, those numbers were possible. Also, more recently, animal research has helped stop potential international threats, such as Avian Flu and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or also known as SARS (Animal Testing 2). Animal Research has helped researchers better understand these diseases and how they spread. As a result, we can contain and avert these global pandemics. Recently, the polio virus is another example of how valuable animals are to us. An anti- Ebola serum has showed remarkable success when tested in Rhesus monkeys. Since then, the serum has been credited with saving the lives of two Americans infected with the virus (?Trull 2). The serum is so successful that the FDA has offered 42 million to the company, who developed the treatment known as, ZMapp. Furthermore just last September, a Japanese women became the first person to undergo experimental stem-cell treatment for blindness (Trull 3). Animal research has allowed us to get that much closer in restoring vision. While this research is helpful to humans, its also helpful to other animals. Wild primates are also susceptible to Ebola especially gorillas. They are so susceptible, they have a mortality rate of 95% when affected with the disease (Trull 2). One-third of the worlds primates have been killed off in the past few decades in Central Africa. A cure would save the lives of animals and humans. The greatest medical contribution may still lie in the future but its going to be tackled because of animal experimentation and research. Animals have a lot more in common with us humans than you may think. Recent breakthroughs in technology, show we have a better understanding of how animals feel pain and suffering just like we do. Some animals like primates are not only biologically similar with humans, but they are also similar in neurologically. What most people dont see is that these animals have mental lives comparable to ours. The animals can not only feel sensitivities, but they can also feel pain and deprivation (Jeory 2). We as humans definitely differ in our physical appearance, but we have a lot more in common with them then appearance. Animals in labs are cruelly mistreated and are intentionally injured for various of reasons. Lab animals on a daily basis are intentionally infected with diseases, force fed chemicals, blinded burned, mutilated, and left to suffer without veterinary care for treatment (Moore 1). How cruel is that! Imagine you and your family being put in small cages and treated inhumanly. No one could imagine that happening to them and their families so why do we think its ok to do these actions against living animals. We may have to test on the experimenters to get them to see the point that its not ok. Test against humans would not only affect us physically, but mentally as well and thats what we are doing to animals. According to Dr. Jane Goodall, a famous primatologist and peace keeper, animal testing is inhumane and morally wrong (Moore 2). She said, I and my team have studied chimpanzees, our closest living relative for over 50 years. I can state categorically that they have a similar capacity for suffering, both mental and physical, and show similar emotions to ours. She also said, theres no doubt other animals that they have studied can not feel fear, depression, anxiety frustration and so on. To put them into cases in labs are also morally wrong in her opinion. Coming from a women that has physically interacted and studied animals for over 50 years has to know whats shes talking about. Her entire life is dedicated to these animals who have no voice. Experimentation is not only morally wrong but its painful to all animals affected. We need to come together as a world and end testing for once and for all. Change is upon us and we can go away from these actions by recent technology, but for some reason were not. Animal experimentation is wrong especially when you know that we dont have to do it in todays society. Today, we can now replicate human organs on microchips to test the potential impacts of drugs, diseases, and more. Not only can we replicate organs, but we can also simulate diseases progressing in the human body by using computer modeling (Moore 3). Modeling accurately predicts the ways in which the new drugs will react in the human body. Also brain-imaging techniques allow the human brain to be studied safely in very effective methods. We now have the capabilities to study the human brain all the way down to a single neuron. Thats incredible! (Jeory 3). Technology can replace the use of animals in exploratory research and many standard drug tests. During experiments, animals are intentionally brain damaged and with this technology, we can replace their crude behavior. We should continue to develop even more advanced alternatives so maybe scientists can see that technology is better than actual testing and it has more capabilities than animals would give us. Finally, animal experimentation is bad science and time and time again experiments show high failure rates. Not only does animal experiments waste the lives of animals, but it also wastes human lives. Numerous of methodical reviews have even documented the enormous failure rates of experiments on animals to benefit humans in the areas of neurodegenerative disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer and many more areas (Gluck 4). Nine out of ten experimental drugs that pass animal studies, fail in humans and thats why you see loss of human life. The few drugs that are even re-labeled or pulled from the store shelves have already put their effects on humans that purchased them. Many people get sick or die before there is ever a chance to fix it. Decades of HIV and Aids experiments have failed to produce effective vaccines for humans even though at least 85 were successful in primate studies. Even John Loannidis, Professor of Medicine and Health Research at Stanford University says, its impossible to rely on animal data to predict the benefit and risk ratio in human subjects. Animal experimentation is an easy change but theres one issue with the change and thats money. At the end of the day, corporations and universities are not making changes because current advanced technology cost more money than testing on animals. As you can see, animal testing is very twisted and cruel. Depending on what side you are on, you may not see it that way. People believe animal testing is a necessity in todays society but its not. Through my research, I discovered there are many different solutions but to end testing, both sides are going to have to come together to make compromises to make difference in the world.